Type Guards/Narrowing

Type guards are a way to narrow down the type of a variable. This is useful when you want different behaviour depending on the type of a variable.

instanceof

The instanceof operator is used to check whether an object is an instance of a class or an instance of a subclass thereof. This type guard is particularly useful when dealing with class hierarchies.

class Bird {
  fly() {
    console.log("Flying");
  }
}

class Fish {
  swim() {
    console.log("Swimming");
  }
}

function move(animal: Bird | Fish) {
  if (animal instanceof Bird) {
    animal.fly();
  } else if (animal instanceof Fish) {
    animal.swim();
  }
}

const tweety = new Bird();
move(tweety); // Outputs: Flying

typeof

The typeof operator is a JavaScript operator that is also available in TypeScript. It's used to determine the type of a primitive value.

function padLeft(value: string, padding: string | number) {
  if (typeof padding === "number") {
    return Array(padding + 1).join(" ") + value;
  }
  return padding + value;
}

console.log(padLeft("Hello", 4)); // Outputs: "    Hello"

Equality

Using equality checks (like === or !==) can act as a type guard by comparing values and their types. This can be used to narrow types from unions in conditional branches.

type StringOrNumber = string | number;

function printId(id: StringOrNumber) {
  if (id === "admin") {
    console.log("User is an admin.");
  } else if (id === 0) {
    console.log("User ID is 0.");
  }
}

printId("admin"); // Outputs: User is an admin.

Truthiness

In TypeScript, you can use the truthiness of a value to perform type narrowing. This is useful to check for non-null, non-undefined, or truthy values.

function printName(name: string | undefined) {
  if (name) {
    console.log(name);
  } else {
    console.log("No name provided");
  }
}

printName("Alice"); // Outputs: Alice
print, Name(undefined); // Outputs: No name provided

Type Predicates

Type predicates are functions that return a boolean value. They are used to narrow the type of a variable.

function isString(value: unknown): value is string {
  return typeof value === 'string';
}

function example(x: unknown) {
  if (isString(x)) {
    // We can now call any 'string' method on 'x'.
    x.toUpperCase();
  } else {
    console.log(x);
  }
}

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